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Diet high in soluble fiber may prevent weight gain

while high-fat diets are considered a primary cause of weight gain, a new study by 
researchers from Georgia State University suggests a diet low in soluble fiber may also be a key culprit.

Published in the American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, the study found mice fed a diet lacking soluble fiber experienced poor gut heath and gained weight.

Soluble fiber absorbs water in the gut, forming a gel-like substance that can bind to cholesterol and bile acids, helping to eliminate them from the body. As such, soluble fiber helps to lower cholesterol. The gel-like substance it forms also helps to slow digestion and regulate blood sugar

Foods rich in soluble fiber include oat bran, barley, nuts, seeds, beans, lentils, peas and certain fruits and vegetables, such as apples,blueberries and carrots.

According to study authors, including Benoit Chassaing of the Institute for Biomedical Sciences at Georgia State, past research has indicated that a diet low in soluble fiber may alter the gut microbiome - the community of microorganisms living in the intestines - triggeringinflammation and leading to weight gain. They decided to investigate further.

The team fed mice a series of diets that varied in levels of soluble and insoluble fiber, proteins and fat. They assessed how each diet impacted the structure of the mice's intestines, their microbiome, fat accumulation and weight gain.

Compared with mice fed a diet high in soluble fiber, those fed a diet that lacked soluble fiber had higher weight gain and greater fat accumulation. They also showed significant differences in gut structure as little as 2 days after initiating the soluble fiber-deficient diet; their intestinal walls were thinner and shorter.

However, the researchers found that switching insoluble fiber to soluble fiber among mice fed a high-fat diet prevented fat accumulation and weight gain.

Soluble fiber increases production of SCFAs to improve gut health

What is more, on introducing soluble fiber to the diets of mice, the team found the changes in gut structure were reversed, though the same could not be said on introducing insoluble fiber to their diets.

The team found the improvement in gut structure was down to changes in gut bacteria triggered by soluble fiber, which led to greater production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs); the mice fed a diet lacking soluble fiber had low levels of SCFAs, but levels increased with introduction of soluble fiber.

On supplementing the mice fed a soluble fiber-deficient diet with SCFAs, they found it produced similar effects to supplementation with inulin - a soluble fiber found in chicory roots and Jerusalem artichokes. However, they found it only improved gut structure for normal mice, not those without gut bacteria.

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Overall, the researchers say their findings indicate that adding soluble fiber to a diet may promote good gut health and regulate weight by triggering the production of
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Drug promises robust new hair growth

anew method of restoring hair growth - using drugs that are already approved for safety - may be on the way, according to research published in Science Advances.

Researchers at Columbia University Medical Center in New York have found that when hair follicles are suspended in a resting state, rapid and robust growth can be restored by inhibiting a family of enzymes inside the follicles.

Hair follicles do not produce hair constantly but rather cycle between four resting and growing phases.

More than 90% of the hair is normally in the growing phase, "anagen," which can last from 2-6 years.

The relatively short catagen phase follows, when the follicle regresses and moves toward the surface. "Telogen" is the resting phase, and "exogen" is when the hair falls out before the follicle resumes growth.

Generally, the longer the hair, the longer the phases are; long hair tends to grow more slowly.

Enzyme inhibitors promote growth

aIn experiments with normal mouse and human hair follicles, Dr. Angela Christiano, PhD, and colleagues found that drugs that inhibit the Janus kinase (JAK) family of enzymes promote rapid and robust hair growth when directly applied to the skin.

This suggests that JAK inhibitors could be used to restore hair growth in various forms of hair loss, such as that induced by male pattern baldness - also called androgenetic alopecia - and other types of hair loss that occur when hair follicles are trapped in a resting state.

Two JAK inhibitors have already been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), one for treatment of blood diseases (ruxolitinib) and the other for rheumatoid arthritis (tofacitinib).

Both are being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and alopecia areata, an autoimmune disease that attacks the follicles, causing hair loss.

It was while studying alopecia areata that the researchers chanced upon the effect of JAK inhibitors on hair follicles.

They had already found that JAK inhibitors shut off the signal that causes the autoimmune attack, and that oral forms of the drug restore hair growth in some people with the disorder.

Enzyme inhibitors promote strong, rapid hair growth

In experiments, the team noticed that mice grew more hair when the drug was applied topically to the skin than when given internally. This suggested JAK inhibitors might have a direct effect on hair follicles, in addition to inhibiting the immune attack.

Looking more closely at normal mouse hair follicles, they found that JAK inhibitors rapidly awakened resting follicles out of dormancy.

JAK inhibitors appear to trigger the follicles' normal reawakening process. Mice treated for 5 days with one of two JAK inhibitors sprouted new hair within 10 days, greatly accelerating the hair follicle growth phase. No hair grew on untreated control mice in the same time period.

The inhibitors also produce longer hair from human hair follicles grown in culture and on skin grafted onto mice.

In light of these findings, the researchers hope the drugs could induce new hair growth and extend the growth of existing hairs in humans.

Dr. Christiano says:

"What we've found is promising, though we haven't yet shown it is effective for male pattern baldness. More work needs to be done to test formulations of JAK inhibitors specially made for the scalp to determine whether they can induce hair growth in humans."

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Therapy dogs have calming effect on children having cancer treatment

There are many stories of the positive effect that therapy dogs can have on children with cancer and their families. But until now, there has been little hard scientific evidence to back them up.

A new trial presents some of the first solid data to support anecdotal reports of the positive impact dog therapy programs can have on children with cancer and their families.

The preliminary findings are to be presented at the American Academy of Pediatrics National Conference & Exhibition in Washington, DC, on Sunday, October 25th.

Around 1 in 285 children in the US will be diagnosed with cancer before the age of 20. Survival rates for kids with cancer have improved dramatically in past decades. The number who die within 5 years of diagnosis has declined by more than 50% from 1975-1977 to 2007-2010.

However, this improvement has not been matched by evidence of what can be done to improve quality of life for these young patients and their families.

Therapy dogs are an example of animal-assisted therapy (AAT), where animals form part of the treatment of human patients. The aim is to improve the patient's social, emotional or mental functioning and well-being.

Many hospitals now have therapy dogs that visit patients and their families, and the new trial takes place at five such hospitals in the US.

'The therapy dog may have a calming effect on the patient'

The new study is part of the Canines and Childhood Cancer (CCC) research project run by the American Humane Association and funded by Zoetis - an independent global animal health company, formerly part of Pfizer.

The project is looking at the effects of AAT on the child, the family and also the therapy dog.

Measures of blood pressure, pulse rates and anxiety levels are collected before and after a weekly visit from the therapy dog. During the visits, the children pet or talk to their therapy dog, brush its coat, look at photos of the dog, watch it perform tricks and obey commands and learn about dog breeds.

Preliminary results show that blood pressure readings in the groups receiving AAT interventions remained more stable across all sessions than in the control group that did not receive AAT, notes lead researcher Dr. Amy McCullough, national director of humane research and therapy for the American Humane Association.

The researchers also found a higher degree of variability in heart rate in the control group patients than in the patients who received AAT interventions. Dr. McCullough says:

"These findings suggest that the dog may have a calming effect on the patient."

The following video describes the purpose and history of the CCC project and gives some examples of therapy dogs and the patients who can benefit from them:

Therapy dogs also had calming effect on the parents

So far, the trial has enrolled 68 children diagnosed with cancer of ages ranging from 3-17 years. Thirty-nine of the children are in the treatment group and 29 are in the control group. The researchers expect to enroll around the same number again before the study ends in 2016.

The preliminary findings also suggest that the therapy dogs have a calming effect on the parents of the young patients.

Parents of children in the control group reported fluctuating anxiety levels with peaks and troughs, while parents in the treatment group showed more stable anxiety levels and even a slight decline as they approached the end of their involvement in the study.

Overall, the children in both groups saw a fall in anxiety over the course of their involvement in the study.

The researchers are also investigating the effect of the intervention on the dogs, looking at their temperament and behavior during the visits. Dr. McCullough concludes:

"This study will be a milestone in understanding of the benefits of the vital bond shared between people and animals."

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Study sheds light on body's varied response to exercise

Resistance exercise is defined as any activity that causes the skeletal muscles to contract, such as weightlifting, push-ups and squats. Endurance exercise, or aerobic exercise, is any activity that maintains an increase in heart rate and breathing, such as walking, cycling and swimming.

Both forms of exercise have a different impact on the body. While resistance exercise can improve strength of skeletal muscles, endurance exercise can improve overall functional capacity.

Because the effects of resistance and endurance exercise are so diverse, researchers speculate that there are numerous different processes involved in how the body responds to each form of physical activity.

"Yet," Kainulainen and colleagues note, "there have been attempts to identify single signaling cascades or molecules that could work as a master regulator for controlling exercise-specific adaptations."

Previous research has indicated that a gene called peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) may be involved in how the body responds to certain forms of exercise. The team set out to investigate the role of this gene further in this latest study.

PGC-1α isoform production differs by type of exercise

The researchers enrolled 19 physically active men to their study and divided them into two groups. One group performed 50 minutes of endurance exercise in the form of walking on a treadmill, while the other group performed 50 minutes of leg press exercises, representing resistance activity.

Biopsies were taken from the thigh muscles of the men just before exercise, as well as 30 and 180 minutes after, which the researchers analyzed in order to assess PGC-1α activity.

The team found that both endurance and resistance exercise stimulated the PGC-1α gene, causing it to produce isoforms known as PGC-1α exon 1b, PGC-1α exon 1b' and truncated PGC-1α. Isoforms are different types of a protein that are produced from the same gene or produced from different genes if only a part of a gene's code is identified.

However, the researchers noticed that only endurance exercise triggered the production of an isoform called PGC-1α exon 1a.

What is more, the team found that endurance exercise activated genes that encouraged new blood vessel growth and increased stamina. While resistance exercise also stimulated a gene that boosted blood vess

el growth, it also activated a gene that stimulated muscle growth.
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